What is Gum Disease (Periodontology)?

Gum disease is an infection of the tissues that support the teeth.

When plaque (a sticky substance containing bacteria) accumulates on the teeth, especially when sugary or starchy foods and drinks are consumed, the bacteria secrete acids that attack the tooth enamel. This layer of plaque is so sticky that it keeps the acids in contact with your teeth, eventually breaking down the tooth enamel and causing tooth decay. If not brushed regularly and properly, the bacteria irritate the gums. The gums can then become swollen, sore or infected; this condition is called gingivitis. If it progresses, severe periodontal (gum) disease can develop. The gum tissue pulls away from the teeth, allowing the bacteria to destroy the bone that supports the teeth.

Systemic Diseases Affect the Gums

Many systemic diseases or disorders pose a risk for gum disease. Diabetes is the most obvious example of this situation. In some sources, gum disease is listed as a result of diabetes. In this dual relationship, immune system cells are thought to play an important role.